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REVIEW ARTICLES

Anosmia and Hyposmia: Overview
Anosmi ve Hiposmi: Genel Bakış
Received Date : 20 May 2024
Accepted Date : 22 Aug 2024
Available Online : 29 Aug 2024
Doi: 10.24179/kbbbbc.2024-104027 - Makale Dili: EN
Journal of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. 2024;32(3):178-84.
Copyright © 2020 by Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
ABSTRACT
Approximately 95% to 99% of chemosensation is attributed to the sense of smell, whereas taste is responsible for the remaining chemosensation. One who suffers from anosmia is unable to detect smells. In addition to being acquired or congenital, it can be either transitory or permanent. Disorders in olfaction can be brought on through pathologic conditions at any level through the olfactory pathway. These disturbances can occur at multiple levels. Conductive or sensorineural deficiencies are two categories that can be used to categorize them. In diseases classed as conductive, also known as transport disorders, there is an interruption in transmitting an odorant stimulus to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Loss of sense of smell can be brought on by any mechanical obstruction that prevents scents from reaching the olfactory neurons. Several inflammatory processes can cause this obstruction, including uncomplicated infections that result in mucus plugs or nasal polyps. Some neurological causes have the potential to cause the disease. The more central brain structures are affected by the presence of sensorineural abnormalities. Tests of olfactory function have been created to give a valid measurement of olfactory dexterity. These smell tests examine the threshold of odor perception and odor identification. The butanol threshold test, the “University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT),” and the “Sniffin' Sticks” test are some of the tests included in this category. In this review, olfactory disorders are presented with a detailed literature survey.
ÖZET
Kimyasal duyumun yaklaşık %95 ila %99'u koku duyusuna atfedilirken geri kalan kimyasal duyumdan tat sorumludur. Anosmisi olan kişi kokuları algılayamaz. Bu durum, kazanılmış veya doğuştan olabileceği gibi geçici veya kalıcı da olabilir. Koku alma bozuklukları, koku alma yolu boyunca herhangi bir seviyedeki patolojik koşullar nedeniyle ortaya çıkabilir. Bu bozukluklar birden fazla düzeyde ortaya çıkabilir. İletimsel veya sensörinöral eksiklikler, kullanılabilecek iki kategoridir. İletim bozuklukları olarak da bilinen, iletken olarak sınıflandırılan hastalıklarda, koku verici bir uyarının koku nöroepiteline iletilmesinde bir kesinti vardır. Kokuların koku alma nöronlarına ulaşmasını engelleyen herhangi bir mekanik engel, koku duyusunun kaybına neden olabilir. Mukus tıkaçları veya nazal poliplerle sonuçlanan komplikasyonsuz enfeksiyonlar da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli inflamatuvar süreçler bu tıkanmaya neden olabilir. Bazı nörolojik nedenler hastalığa neden olma potansiyeline sahiptir. Daha merkezi beyin yapıları sensörinöral anormalliklerin varlığından etkilenir. Koku alma becerisine ilişkin geçerli bir ölçüm sağlamak için koku fonksiyonu testleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu koku testleri, koku algılama ve koku tanımlama eşiğini inceler. Bütanol eşik testi, “Pennsylvania Üniversitesi Koku Tanımlama Testi (UPSIT)” ve “Sniffin' Sticks” testi bu kategoriye giren testlerden bazılarıdır. Bu derlemede koku alma bozuklukları ayrıntılı bir literatür taramasıyla birlikte sunulmaktadır.
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