REVIEW ARTICLES
Anosmia and Hyposmia: Overview
Anosmi ve Hiposmi: Genel Bakış
Received Date : 20 May 2024
Accepted Date : 22 Aug 2024
Available Online : 29 Aug 2024
Zeynel ÖZTÜRKa,b, Nuray BAYAR MULUKc, Oğuzhan OĞUZd, Sevilay AYNACIe, Felicia MANOLEf, Cemal CİNGİg
aBaypark Hospital, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, İstanbul, Türkiye
bNişantaşı University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, İstanbul, Türkiye
cKırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
dPrivate Physician, İstanbul, Türkiye
eEskişehir City Hospital, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eskişehir, Türkiye
fUniversity of Oradea Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Oradea, Romania
gEskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eskişehir, Türkiye
Doi: 10.24179/kbbbbc.2024-104027 - Makale Dili: EN
Journal of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. 2024;32(3):178-84.
Copyright © 2020 by Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
ABSTRACT
Approximately 95% to 99% of chemosensation is attributed
to the sense of smell, whereas taste is responsible for the remaining
chemosensation. One who suffers from anosmia is unable to
detect smells. In addition to being acquired or congenital, it can be either
transitory or permanent. Disorders in olfaction can be brought on
through pathologic conditions at any level through the olfactory pathway.
These disturbances can occur at multiple levels. Conductive or
sensorineural deficiencies are two categories that can be used to categorize
them. In diseases classed as conductive, also known as transport
disorders, there is an interruption in transmitting an odorant stimulus to
the olfactory neuroepithelium. Loss of sense of smell can be brought on
by any mechanical obstruction that prevents scents from reaching the
olfactory neurons. Several inflammatory processes can cause this obstruction,
including uncomplicated infections that result in mucus plugs
or nasal polyps. Some neurological causes have the potential to cause
the disease. The more central brain structures are affected by the presence
of sensorineural abnormalities. Tests of olfactory function have
been created to give a valid measurement of olfactory dexterity. These
smell tests examine the threshold of odor perception and odor identification.
The butanol threshold test, the “University of Pennsylvania
Smell Identification Test (UPSIT),” and the “Sniffin' Sticks” test are
some of the tests included in this category. In this review, olfactory disorders
are presented with a detailed literature survey.
Keywords: Olfactory disorders; anosmia; hyposmia; smell tests
ÖZET
Kimyasal duyumun yaklaşık %95 ila %99'u koku duyusuna atfedilirken
geri kalan kimyasal duyumdan tat sorumludur. Anosmisi olan
kişi kokuları algılayamaz. Bu durum, kazanılmış veya doğuştan olabileceği
gibi geçici veya kalıcı da olabilir. Koku alma bozuklukları, koku
alma yolu boyunca herhangi bir seviyedeki patolojik koşullar nedeniyle
ortaya çıkabilir. Bu bozukluklar birden fazla düzeyde ortaya çıkabilir.
İletimsel veya sensörinöral eksiklikler, kullanılabilecek iki kategoridir.
İletim bozuklukları olarak da bilinen, iletken olarak sınıflandırılan hastalıklarda,
koku verici bir uyarının koku nöroepiteline iletilmesinde bir
kesinti vardır. Kokuların koku alma nöronlarına ulaşmasını engelleyen
herhangi bir mekanik engel, koku duyusunun kaybına neden olabilir.
Mukus tıkaçları veya nazal poliplerle sonuçlanan komplikasyonsuz enfeksiyonlar
da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli inflamatuvar süreçler bu tıkanmaya
neden olabilir. Bazı nörolojik nedenler hastalığa neden olma
potansiyeline sahiptir. Daha merkezi beyin yapıları sensörinöral anormalliklerin
varlığından etkilenir. Koku alma becerisine ilişkin geçerli
bir ölçüm sağlamak için koku fonksiyonu testleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu
koku testleri, koku algılama ve koku tanımlama eşiğini inceler. Bütanol
eşik testi, “Pennsylvania Üniversitesi Koku Tanımlama Testi
(UPSIT)” ve “Sniffin' Sticks” testi bu kategoriye giren testlerden bazılarıdır.
Bu derlemede koku alma bozuklukları ayrıntılı bir literatür taramasıyla
birlikte sunulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Koku alma bozuklukları; anozmi; hipozmi; koku alma testleri
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