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REVIEW ARTICLES

Current Approaches to Ototoxicity
Ototoksisitede Güncel Yaklaşım
Received Date : 24 Jan 2021
Accepted Date : 22 Feb 2021
Available Online : 23 Mar 2021
Doi: 10.24179/kbbbbc.2021-81529 - Makale Dili: TR
KBB ve BBC Dergisi. 2021;29(3):210-21
Copyright © 2020 by Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
ABSTRACT
Ototoxicity is the damage to the cochlear and vestibular organs as a result of exposure to various therapeutic agents and chemicals (organic solvents, asphyxiant gases, pesticides, heavy metals, and environmental chemicals). Agents known to cause ototoxicity are antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, diuretics, and anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and ototopical drugs. Ototoxicity causes damage to the outer hair cells in the organ of corti and the type I hair cells in the vestibular system. The most common ototoxicity symptoms are tinnitus, hearing loss, dizziness, hyperacusis, and auditory saturation. The prevalence and degree of ototoxicity may manifest differently in each person. These individual differences result from the difference in genetic susceptibility to the ototoxic effects of the treatment. The prevalence of ototoxicity in all age groups varies between 4% and 90%. Although ototoxicity is not a life-threatening condition, it can have a negative impact on communication and health-related quality of life, affecting important professional, educational, and social outcomes. Even though there is no widely accepted protocol, an effective ototoxicity monitoring program should include a protocol that includes pure tone audiometry, a basic audiological test battery for otoacoustic emission and immittance meter, and appropriate follow-up tests. Various treatment methods and protective agents are used to minimize the damage caused by ototoxicity. In addition, many animal studies are carried out to prevent ototoxicity. In this review, ototoxicity is discussed in detail in line with these considerations, and drugs that cause ototoxicity, protective agents, and related animal studies are examined.
ÖZET
Ototoksisite çeşitli terapötik ajanlar ve kimyasal maddelerle (organik çözücüler, boğucu gazlar, böcek ilaçları, ağır metaller, çevresel kimyasallar) karşılaşma sonucu koklear ve vestibüler organlarda oluşan hasarlanmadır. Ototoksisiteye neden olduğu bilinen ajanlar, antibiyotikler, antineoplastikler, diüretikler, antiinflamatuar, antimalaryal ilaçlar ve ototopik ilaçlardır. Ototoksisite, korti organında bulunan dış şaçlı hücrelerde ve vestibüler sistemde bulunan Tip 1 tüy hücrelerinde hasara yol açar. Ototoksisite en fazla görülen semptomlar; tinnitus, işitme kaybı, baş dönmesi, hiperakuzi ve işitsel dolgunluktur. Ototoksisite prevalansı ve derecesi, kişisel farklılıklar gösterebilir. Bu kişisel farklılıklar, tedavi¬nin ototoksik etkilerine genetik duyarlılık farkından kaynaklanır. Tüm yaş gruplarındaki ototoksisite pre¬valansı %4-90 arasında değişir. Ototoksisite, yaşamı tehdit eden bir durum olmasa da önemli mesleki, eğitimsel ve sosyal sonuçlarla iletişim ve sağlıkla ilişkili yaşam kalitesi üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi olabilir. Etkili bir ototoksisite izleme programı; saf ses odyometrisi, otoakustik emisyon ve immitansmetrik değerlendirme yapan temel odyolojik test bataryası ve uygun takip testlerini içeren bir protokolü içermelidir, ancak yaygın olarak kabul edilen bir protokol bulunmamaktadır. Ototoksisitenin sonucu meydana gelen hasarı en aza indirmek için çeşitli tedavi yöntemleri ve koruyucu ajanlar kullanılmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra ototoksisitenin önlenmesi adına çok sayıda hayvan çalışması yapılmaktadır. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda hazırlamış olduğumuz bu derlemede, ototoksisite ayrıntılı şekilde ele alınmış olup, ototoksisiteye neden olan ilaçlar, koruyucu ajanlar ve bununla ilgili olarak yapılan hayvan çalışmaları incelenmiştir.
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