ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Evaluation of Polysomnography, Sleep Depth and Sleep Endoscopy Findings in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromlu Hastalarda Polisomnografi, Uyku Derinliği ve Uyku Endoskopisi Bulgularının Değerlendirilmesi
Received Date : 17 Nov 2024
Accepted Date : 21 Apr 2025
Available Online : 28 Apr 2025
Hatice Seçil AKYILDIZa, Rauf Yücel ANADOLUa
aAnkara University School of Medicine, Department of Ear Nose and Throat Diseases, Ankara, Türkiye
Doi: 10.24179/kbbbbc.2024-106768 - Article's Language: EN
Journal of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. 2025;33(3):85-91.
Copyright © 2020 by Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the sleep
depth of patients at the minimum oxygen saturation (minSO2) level
and the level of airway obstruction during drug-induced sleep endoscopy
(DISE). To also evaluate the effects of polysomnography
(PSG) and DISE findings on surgical planning and patient outcome.
Material and Methods: Analysis of patients who presented with Obstructive
Sleep Apnea Syndrome between July 2017-and-December
2019 was performed in a tertiary referral hospital. With a Bispectral
Index (BIS) monitoring, the sleep depth of the patients at the level of
airway obstruction detected during DISE and at minimum oxygen saturation
(minSO2) was recorded by Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring.
Clinical characteristics, PSG results, physical examination, and DISE
findings were assessed. Results: Obstruction was most common in the
retropalatal region in patients who underwent DISE. The BIS values
during the minSO2 of all patients during DISE ranged from 41-80, with
an average of 59.76±7.21. The BIS values during snoring were between
38-85, with an average of 70.94±8.00. The BIS value during obstruction
ranged from 38-85, with an average of 61.58±7.00. Conclusion:
DISE is a valuable diagnostic tool for examining the upper airway during
sedation mimicking sleeping, to identify structures that contribute
to airway obstruction. Our study showed that as the sleep depth of the
patients changes, the level and degree of obstruction detected in DISE
will change. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the patients in the
sleep depth closest to physiological sleep during DISE.
Keywords: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; drug-induced sleep endoscopy; polysomnography
ÖZET
Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, ilaçla indüklenen uyku endoskopisi
[drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)] sırasında hastaların minimum
oksijen satürasyon düzeyindeki ve hava yolunda obstrüksiyon saptanan
seviyedeki uyku derinliğini değerlendirmektir. Polisomnografi
(PSG) ve DISE bulgularının cerrahi planlama ve hastanın sonucu üzerindeki
etkilerini de değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Temmuz
2017-Aralık 2019 arasında obstrüktif uyku apne sendromu ile başvuran
hastaların analizi üçüncü basamak bir sevk hastanesinde yapıldı. Hastaların
DISE sırasında hava yolunda obstrüksiyon saptanan seviyede
ve minimum oksijen satürasyonu [minimum oxygen saturation
(minSO2)] sırasındaki uyku derinliği Bispektral İndeks [Bispectral
Index (BIS)] monitörizasyonu yapılarak kaydedildi. Hastaların klinik
özellikleri, PSG sonuçları, fizik muayene bulguları ve DISE bulguları
değerlendirildi. Bulgular: DISE sırasında hastalarda en çok saptanan
obstrüksiyon seviyesi, retropalatal bölge olarak izlendi. DISE sırasında
hastaların minimum oksijen satürasyon seviyesindeki BIS değerleri,
ortalama 59,76±7,21 ve 41-80 arasında değiştiği izlendi. Horlama sırasındaki
BIS değerleri 38-85 arasında değişmekte ve ortalama
70,94±8,00 idi. Obstrüksiyon sırasında BIS değerleri 38-85 arasında
değişmekte olup ortalama 61,58±7,00 idi. Sonuç: DISE, uykuyu taklit
eden sedasyon sırasında üst solunum yolunu muayene etmeyi sağlayan
ve hava yolu obstrüksiyonu izlenen seviyeyi saptamaya yarayan bir tanı
yöntemidir. Çalışmamız hastaların uyku derinliği değiştikçe DISE’de
saptanan obstrüksiyon düzeyi ve derecesinin değişeceğini göstermiştir.
Bu nedenle DISE sırasında fizyolojik uykuya en yakın uyku derinliğinde
değerlendirilmesi önemlidir.
Keywords: Obstrüktif uyku apne sendromu; ilaçla indüklenen uyku endoskopisi; polisomnografi
REFERENCES
- Chang HP, Chen YF, Du JK. Obstructive sleep apnea treatment in adults. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2020;36(1):7-12. [PubMed]
- Malhotra A, White DP. Obstructive sleep apnoea. Lancet. 2002;360(9328):237-45. [PubMed]
- Vanderveken OM. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) as a guide towards upper airway behavior and treatment outcome: the quest for a vigorous standardization of DISE. Sleep Breath. 2018;22(4):897-9. [PubMed]
- Charakorn N, Kezirian EJ. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2016;49(6):1359-72 [Crossref]
- Chong KB, De Vito A, Vicini C. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy in treatment options selection. Sleep Med Clin. 2019;14(1):33-40. [PubMed]
- Müller JN, Kreuzer M, García PS, Schneider G, Hautmann H. Monitoring depth of sedation: evaluating the agreement between the Bispectral Index, qCON and the Entropy Module's State Entropy during flexible bronchoscopy. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017;83(6):563-73. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kezirian EJ, Hohenhorst W, de Vries N. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: the VOTE classification. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268(8):1233-6. [PubMed]
- Pallant J. SPSS Kullanma Kılavuzu: SPSS ile Adım Adım Veri Analizi. Balcı S, Ahi B, çeviri editörleri. 4. Baskı. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık; 2023.
- Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 1988.
- Büyüköztürk Ş. Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı. 31. baskı Ankara: Pegem Akademi; 2004. [Crossref]
- Croft CB, Pringle M. Sleep nasendoscopy: a technique of assessment in snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1991;16(5):504-9. [PubMed]
- Cheong CSJ, Loke W, Thong MKT, Toh ST, Lee CH. The emerging role of drug-induced sleep endoscopy in the management of obstructive sleep apnea. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology. 2021;14:149-58. [Link]
- Gregório MG, Jacomelli M, Figueiredo AC, Cahali MB, Pedreira WL Jr, Lorenzi Filho G. Evaluation of airway obstruction by nasopharyngoscopy: comparison of the Müller maneuver versus induced sleep. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;73(5):618-22. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Zerpa V, Llatas M, Galofre JD. Drug-induced sedation endoscopy versus cilinical exploration for the diagnosis of severe upper airway obstruction in OSAS patients. Sleep Breathing. 2016;21(1). [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hewitt RJ, Dasgupta A, Singh A, Dutta C, Kotecha BT. Is sleep nasendoscopy a valuable adjunct to clinical examination in the evaluation of upper airway obstruction? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266(5):691-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wang Y, Sun C, Cui X, Guo Y, Wang Q, Liang H. The role of drug-induced sleep endoscopy: predicting and guiding upper airway surgery for adult OSA patients. Sleep Breath. 2018;22(4):925-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Huntley C, Chou D, Doghramji K, Boon M. Preoperative drug induced sleep endoscopy improves the surgical approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2017;126(6):478-82. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sadaoka T, Kakitsuba N, Fujiwara Y, Kanai R, Takahashi H. The value of sleep nasendoscopy in the evaluation of patients with suspected sleep-related breathing disorders. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1996;21(6):485-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hillman DR, Walsh JH, Maddison KJ, et al. Evolution of changes in upper airway collapsibility during slow induction of anesthesia with propofol. Anesthesiology. 2009;111(1):63-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vroegop AV, Vanderveken OM, Verbraecken JA. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: evaluation of a selection tool for treatment modalities for obstructive sleep apnea. Respiration. 2020;99(5):451-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]