REVIEW ARTICLES
Exercise Approaches for the Cervical Region in Swallowing Rehabilitation
Yutma Rehabilitasyonunda Servikal Bölgeye Yönelik Egzersiz Yaklaşımları
Received Date : 20 Oct 2020
Accepted Date : 25 Nov 2020
Available Online : 17 Mar 2021
Sena Nur BEGENa , Selen SEREL ARSLANb
aAtılım Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Bölümü, Ankara, TÜRKİYE bHacettepe Üniversitesi Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Fakültesi, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Doi: 10.24179/kbbbbc.2020-79676 - Makale Dili: TR
KBB ve BBC Dergisi. 2021;29(2):136-44
Copyright © 2020 by Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
ABSTRACT
Swallowing disorder is a problem that affects both the individual
and the family and/or caregivers, can cause serious complications
and requires a holistic approach. Airway aspiration is one of the
most serious conditions in dysphagia. One of the most important parameters
involved in airway protection is ensuring adequate hyolaryngeal
movement. During swallowing, the hyoid bone and larynx are
pulled up with the contraction of the suprahyoid muscles, and airway
protection is provided with the tilt of the epiglottis. Due to insufficiency
in suprahyoid muscles, hyolaryngeal elevation decreases, pharyngeal
residue increases after swallowing and can lead to aspiration during and
after swallowing. Therefore, there are many exercise approaches which
aim to increase suprahyoid muscle activation in swallowing rehabilitation.
Most of these exercise approaches include exercises for the cervical
region. The first exercise developed for the cervical area is the Shaker
exercise. Due to the positive effects of the first exercise on swallowing
function, many exercise approaches involving the cervical region were
developed and their effectiveness in different disease groups were evaluated.
The developed exercises are modified Shaker exercise, chin tuck
exercise against resistance, forehead against resistance, jaw opening exercises,
chin to chest, Theraband exercises, swallowing with head extension,
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and cervical isometric
exercises. Depending on the patient's condition, exercise approaches
may have advantages or disadvantages compared to each other. The important
thing in rehabilitation is to create an individual exercise program.
According to the findings we obtained in the evaluation of
swallowing, exercise should be selected considering the patient's condition
in swallowing rehabilitation. Each patient should be handled together
with physical, personal and environmental factors, and individual
treatment approaches should be preferred by determining their needs.
Keywords: Deglutition; exercise
ÖZET
Yutma bozukluğu hem bireyi, hem de aile ve/veya bakım vereni
etkileyen, ciddi komplikasyonlara sebep olabilen ve bütüncül yaklaşım
gerektiren bir problemdir. Havayoluna besin aspirasyonu önemli bir
durumdur. Havayolu korumasında görevli parametrelerden biri yeterli
hyolaringeal hareketin sağlanmasıdır. Yutma esnasında subrahiyoid
kasların kontraksiyonu ile hiyoid kemik ve larinks yukarıya çekilir,
epiglothun kapanması ile birlikte havayolu koruması sağlanır. Suprahiyoid
kaslardaki yetersizlik durumunda hyolaringeal elevasyon azalmakta,
yutma sonrası faringeal kalıntı artmakta, yutma sırası ve
sonrasında aspirasyon izlenebilmektedir. Bu nedenle yutma rehabilitasyonunda
suprahiyoid kas aktivasyonunu artırmayı amaçlayan birçok
egzersiz yaklaşımı bulunmaktadır. Bu egzersiz yaklaşımlarının çoğu
servikal bölgeye yönelik egzersizlerden oluşmaktadır. Servikal bölgeye
yönelik geliştirilen ilk egzersiz Shaker egzersizidir. Geliştirilen ilk egzersizin
yutma fonksiyonu üzerindeki olumlu etkilerinden yola çıkarak
servikal bölgeyi içine alan birçok egzersiz yaklaşımı geliştirilmiş ve
farklı hastalık gruplarında etkinlikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Örnek olarak
modifiye Shaker egzersizi, dirence karşı “chin tuck” egzersizi, alından
verilen dirence karşı “chin tuck” egzersizi, çene açma egzersizleri,
göğüs kafesine doğru dirençli çene açma egzersizi, Theraband egzersizleri,
baş ekstansiyondayken yutma egzersizi, proprioseptif nöromusküler
fasilitasyon ve servikal izometrik egzersizler sayılabilir.
Hastanın durumuna göre egzersiz yaklaşımlarının birbirlerine avantaj
veya dezavantajları olabilmektedir. Rehabilitasyonda önemli olan bireye
özel egzersiz programı oluşturmaktır. Yutma rehabilitasyonu değerlendirmesinde
elde edilen bulgular ışığında hastanın durumu göz
önünde bulundurulmalı ve egzersiz seçimi gerçekleştirilmelidir. Her
hasta fiziksel, kişisel ve çevresel faktörlerle beraber ele alınmalı ve ihtiyaçları
belirlenerek bireysel tedavi yaklaşımları tercih edilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yutma; egzersiz
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