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REVIEW ARTICLES

Exercise Approaches for the Cervical Region in Swallowing Rehabilitation
Yutma Rehabilitasyonunda Servikal Bölgeye Yönelik Egzersiz Yaklaşımları
Received Date : 20 Oct 2020
Accepted Date : 25 Nov 2020
Available Online : 17 Mar 2021
Doi: 10.24179/kbbbbc.2020-79676 - Makale Dili: TR
KBB ve BBC Dergisi. 2021;29(2):136-44
Copyright © 2020 by Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
ABSTRACT
Swallowing disorder is a problem that affects both the individual and the family and/or caregivers, can cause serious complications and requires a holistic approach. Airway aspiration is one of the most serious conditions in dysphagia. One of the most important parameters involved in airway protection is ensuring adequate hyolaryngeal movement. During swallowing, the hyoid bone and larynx are pulled up with the contraction of the suprahyoid muscles, and airway protection is provided with the tilt of the epiglottis. Due to insufficiency in suprahyoid muscles, hyolaryngeal elevation decreases, pharyngeal residue increases after swallowing and can lead to aspiration during and after swallowing. Therefore, there are many exercise approaches which aim to increase suprahyoid muscle activation in swallowing rehabilitation. Most of these exercise approaches include exercises for the cervical region. The first exercise developed for the cervical area is the Shaker exercise. Due to the positive effects of the first exercise on swallowing function, many exercise approaches involving the cervical region were developed and their effectiveness in different disease groups were evaluated. The developed exercises are modified Shaker exercise, chin tuck exercise against resistance, forehead against resistance, jaw opening exercises, chin to chest, Theraband exercises, swallowing with head extension, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and cervical isometric exercises. Depending on the patient's condition, exercise approaches may have advantages or disadvantages compared to each other. The important thing in rehabilitation is to create an individual exercise program. According to the findings we obtained in the evaluation of swallowing, exercise should be selected considering the patient's condition in swallowing rehabilitation. Each patient should be handled together with physical, personal and environmental factors, and individual treatment approaches should be preferred by determining their needs.
ÖZET
Yutma bozukluğu hem bireyi, hem de aile ve/veya bakım vereni etkileyen, ciddi komplikasyonlara sebep olabilen ve bütüncül yaklaşım gerektiren bir problemdir. Havayoluna besin aspirasyonu önemli bir durumdur. Havayolu korumasında görevli parametrelerden biri yeterli hyolaringeal hareketin sağlanmasıdır. Yutma esnasında subrahiyoid kasların kontraksiyonu ile hiyoid kemik ve larinks yukarıya çekilir, epiglothun kapanması ile birlikte havayolu koruması sağlanır. Suprahiyoid kaslardaki yetersizlik durumunda hyolaringeal elevasyon azalmakta, yutma sonrası faringeal kalıntı artmakta, yutma sırası ve sonrasında aspirasyon izlenebilmektedir. Bu nedenle yutma rehabilitasyonunda suprahiyoid kas aktivasyonunu artırmayı amaçlayan birçok egzersiz yaklaşımı bulunmaktadır. Bu egzersiz yaklaşımlarının çoğu servikal bölgeye yönelik egzersizlerden oluşmaktadır. Servikal bölgeye yönelik geliştirilen ilk egzersiz Shaker egzersizidir. Geliştirilen ilk egzersizin yutma fonksiyonu üzerindeki olumlu etkilerinden yola çıkarak servikal bölgeyi içine alan birçok egzersiz yaklaşımı geliştirilmiş ve farklı hastalık gruplarında etkinlikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Örnek olarak modifiye Shaker egzersizi, dirence karşı “chin tuck” egzersizi, alından verilen dirence karşı “chin tuck” egzersizi, çene açma egzersizleri, göğüs kafesine doğru dirençli çene açma egzersizi, Theraband egzersizleri, baş ekstansiyondayken yutma egzersizi, proprioseptif nöromusküler fasilitasyon ve servikal izometrik egzersizler sayılabilir. Hastanın durumuna göre egzersiz yaklaşımlarının birbirlerine avantaj veya dezavantajları olabilmektedir. Rehabilitasyonda önemli olan bireye özel egzersiz programı oluşturmaktır. Yutma rehabilitasyonu değerlendirmesinde elde edilen bulgular ışığında hastanın durumu göz önünde bulundurulmalı ve egzersiz seçimi gerçekleştirilmelidir. Her hasta fiziksel, kişisel ve çevresel faktörlerle beraber ele alınmalı ve ihtiyaçları belirlenerek bireysel tedavi yaklaşımları tercih edilmelidir.
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