REVIEW ARTICLES
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials with Compressed High-Intensity Radar Pulse Stimuli: A Literature Review
Sıkıştırılmış Yüksek Yoğunluklu Radar Titreşimi Uyaranıyla Vestibüler Uyarılmış Miyojenik Potansiyeller: Literatür Derlemesi
Received Date : 29 Jan 2024
Accepted Date : 19 Mar 2024
Available Online : 22 Apr 2024
Berna Deniz KUNTMANa, Anı PARABAKAN POLATa
aUniversity of Health Sciences Gülhane Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Audiology, Ankara, Türkiye
Doi: 10.24179/kbbbbc.2024-101714 - Makale Dili: EN
Journal of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. 2024;32(2):96-102
Copyright © 2020 by Turkey Association of Society of Ear Nose Throat and Head Neck Surgery. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
ABSTRACT
Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) are
commonly used noninvasive electrophysiological test methods in clinics.
VEMPs are short-latency muscle reflex responses triggered by stimulation
of peripheral otolith organs. The inhibitory myogenic response
measured over the sternocleidomastoid muscle is cervical VEMP
(cVEMP); the excitatory myogenic response measured over the extraocular
muscles, the inferior oblique, is the ocular VEMP (oVEMP).
cVEMP is characterized by a biphasic wave in the form of one positive
peak (P1/P13) occurring at an average of 13th milliseconds and one
negative peak (N1/N23) occurring at an average of 23rd milliseconds.
oVEMP is characterized by a biphasic wave in the form of one negative
peak (N1/N10) occurring at an average of 10th milliseconds and
one positive peak (P1/P16) occurring at an average of 16th milliseconds.
Stimulus type affects the VEMP findings. Click stimulus was
first used in VEMP studies. The stimulus that effectively stimulates
the otolith organs and generates the highest amplitude waves is being
investigated. 500 Hertz (Hz) tone burst stimulus is more effective than
click stimulus in VEMP tests and its clinical use has become
widespread. Compressed high-intensity radar pulse (CHIRP) is an
acoustic stimulus that is effective in auditory electrophysiology.
VEMP in responses to CHIRP stimulus was reported in recent studies.
In this review, the findings of studies examining VEMP responses triggered
by CHIRP stimuli are integrated. The aim of this review is to
evaluate whether the CHIRP stimulus is an effective stimulus in VEMP
tests.
Keywords: Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials; cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials; ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials; compressed high-intensity radar pulse
ÖZET
Vestibüler uyarılmış miyojenik potansiyeller [vestibular evoked
myogenic potentials (VEMP)], ses, titreşim veya elektriksel
stimülasyonla periferik otolit organların uyarılması sonucu tetiklenen
kısa latanslı kas refleks cevaplarıdır. VEMP klinikte yaygın olarak kullanılan
noninvaziv elektrofizyolojik test yöntemidir. Sternokleidomastoid
kas üzerinden ölçülen inhibitör miyojenik yanıt servikal VEMP
(sVEMP); inferior oblik üzerinden kaydedilen eksitatör miyojenik yanıt
oküler VEMP (oVEMP) olarak adlandırılır. sVEMP 13. milisaniyede
ortaya çıkan bir pozitif tepe (P13/ P1), ortalama 23. milisaniyede ortaya
çıkan negatif tepe (N23/N1) şeklinde bifazik dalga formu ile karakterizedir.
oVEMP, 10. milisaniyede ortaya çıkan negatif tepe (N10/N1)
ile 16. milisaniyede ortaya çıkan pozitif tepe (P16/P1) şeklinde bifazik
dalga formu ile karakterizedir. sVEMP bulgularında P1, N1 latansları,
P1-N1 dalga amplitüdü değerlendirilir. oVEMP bulgularında N1, P1
latansları, N1-P1 dalga amplitüdü değerlendirilir. Kullanılan uyaranın
türü VEMP bulgularını etkiler. İlk VEMP çalışmalarında klik uyaran
kullanılmıştır. Otolit organları en etkili şekilde uyaran ve yüksek amplitüdlü
dalgalar oluşturan uyaran araştırılmaktadır. VEMP testlerinde
500 Hertz (Hz) tone burst (TB) uyaranının klik uyarana göre daha etkili
bir uyaran olduğu gösterilmiştir. 500 Hz TB uyaranının klinik kullanımı
yaygınlaşmıştır. Sıkıştırılmış yüksek yoğunluklu radar titreşimi
[compressed high-intensity radar pulse (CHIRP)], işitsel elektrofizyolojide
etkili olduğu gösterilen akustik bir uyarandır. CHIRP uyaran, son
yıllarda, VEMP testlerinde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derlemede,
CHIRP uyaranla tetiklenen VEMP yanıtlarını inceleyen çalışmaların
bulguları entegre edilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, CHIRP uyaranın
VEMP testlerinde etkili bir uyaran olup olmadığını değerlendirmektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Vestibüler uyarılmış miyojenik potansiyeller; servikal vestibüler uyarılmış miyojenik potansiyeller; oküler vestibüler uyarılmış miyojenik potansiyeller; sıkıştırılmış yüksek yoğunluklu radar titreşimi
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